QR Codes are a special type of barcode that allows you to quickly get data (such as a website address or contact information) from the physical world to your mobile device. All you need is a smart phone with a camera and a QR Code reader app.
First you need a barcode scanner installed on your device. Both iPhone and Adroid Devices have QR-Reader Software available for free, and the instructions on how to get those are below. For other devices, check out this list of QR-Code Reader software.
On an iPhone:
On an Android device: